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The progress and prospect on the 40th anniversary of Chinese Arctic and Antarctic Scientific Expeditions LIU Shunlin Chinese Journal of Polar Research    2024, 36 (3): 317-328.   DOI: 10.13679/j.jdyj.20240079 Abstract （1003）      PDF（pc） （409KB）（1785）       Knowledge map    Save Scientific research plays an important role in enhancing polar knowledge, protecting polar environment and ecosystem, rational utilization of polar resources, and promoting the development of polar technology. Since China’s first Antarctic expedition in 1984, the country’s polar scientific research has made breakthrough progress. It has built a polar scientific research support platform which contains 7 research stations and 2 research vessels, constructed an atmosphere-land-ocean polar observation network, developed multiple sets of sampling equipment such as polar deep ice core drilling tools, organized and implemented polar projects such as “Comprehensive Investigation and Evaluation of the Arctic and Antarctic Environment”, and achieved research results in multiple fields such as the instability of polar ice caps and their response to global change. It has successfully implemented international cooperation projects such as “The Prydz Bay, Amery Ice Shelf and Dome A Observatories” (PANDA). In the future, we should further improve the polar scientific research platform, enhance the long-term observation and monitoring capabilities of the Antarctic ice sheet and the central Arctic Ocean, carry out major polar scientific research activities such as drilling of the Antarctic subglacial lake, promote the international cooperation utilizing the scientific research platforms such as the marine laboratory at Antarctic Qinling Station, and make greater contributions to understanding, protecting, and utilizing the polar regions. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Design analysis for winterization of polar vessels Liu Zhibing, Pu Jun, Huang Jinjin, Chen Yanzhen Chinese Journal of Polar Research    2023, 35 (3): 479-489.   DOI: 10.13679/j.jdyj.20220418 Abstract （848）      PDF（pc） （4592KB）（1397）       Knowledge map    Save Freezing is the most common problem and serious for vessels operating in polar waters, because it affects ship safety and equipment operability. Therefore, ship systems and equipment exposed to cold weather must comply with the appropriate cold protection policies to achieve the required anti-icing and de-icing effects. In this study, we conducted a thorough review of the relevant winterization rules and guidelines established by the China Classification Society (CCS). We analyzed the winterization requirements pertaining to specific areas of the ship, to assess the optimal winterization technology of equipment and systems, such as engine room ventilation, ice sea chest, ballast water tank anti freezing systems and products, and deck machinery. Finally, we summarized the main anti-freezing measures to provide design guidance for ships sailing in cold areas. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Species diversity, low-temperature adaptation, and biotechnology application of Antarctic algae  Deng Qian , Gao Baoyan , Tang Zihan , Zhang Chengwu Chinese Journal of Polar Research    2023, 35 (4): 619-629.   DOI: 10.13679/j.jdyj.20220425 Abstract （704）      PDF（pc） （418KB）（1154）       Knowledge map    Save Algae are the main contributors to the primary productivity of the Antarctic and the basis of marine and terrestrial food webs. To cope with low temperatures, algae have formed a series of anti-stress mechanisms through long-term adaptation and evolution, which are essential to maintain the stability of the polar habitat. This paper summarizes the diversity and distribution of Antarctic algal species, reveals the adaptive strategies of algae in low-temperature environments (e.g., changes in the lipid composition of the cell membrane, production of intracellular and extracellular active substances, and evolutionary mechanisms), and summarizes the wide application of psychrophilic algae in nutrition and health, medical treatment, and the chemical and cosmetics industries. Further research is needed on Antarctic algal diversity, multiomics, the breakthrough of low-temperature algal culture technology, and the use of new low-temperature and low-temperature tolerant algal biological resources. With ongoing exploration of algal thermal adaptation strategies, algae adapted to low-temperature environments are likely to receive more attention in the future. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Progress in the research, development, and application of polar science and engineering technology equipment in China WANG Shuoren, LIAO Zhouxin, GUO Jingxue, CHEN Qingman, TANG Shuaishuai, HE Jianfeng Chinese Journal of Polar Research    2024, 36 (3): 473-485.   DOI: 10.13679/j.jdyj.20240043 Abstract （505）      PDF（pc） （761KB）（1139）       Knowledge map    Save Polar science and engineering technology equipment plays a significant role in the development of polar science and technology, impacting not only polar scientific research and resource utilization but also a nation's security, international standing, and sustainable development. In the context of continuous technological advancements and an increasingly complex international polar situation, the research, development, and application of polar science and engineering technology in China have become particularly important and urgent. This paper comprehensively reviews the development process and latest achievements in the research, development, and application of scientific exploration technology equipment and engineering technology equipment over the past 40 years of China's polar research. It analyzes the current status of China's polar engineering technology equipment development, its gaps with the world's advanced level, and existing issues. This paper also focuses on the problems existing in China's polar scientific research and exploration technology, heavy icebreaker technology, polar aviation technology, and communication and navigation technology. It proposes suggestions such as promoting major polar projects and grand scientific plans, building a collaborative innovation platform, strengthening key technology innovation and research and development, constructing polar testing grounds, improving standardized technical systems, and promoting industrial development. The aim is to rapidly develop and gradually surpass the world's advanced level in the research, development, and application of polar science and engineering technology equipment, better serving China's polar cause development. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Numerical simulation of Arctic sea fog and radio wave attenuation Zhang Yusheng, Guo Xiangming, Hao Xiaojing, Zhao Qiang, Zhang Rui Chinese Journal of Polar Research    2023, 35 (4): 556-565.   DOI: 10.13679/j.jdyj.20220417 Abstract （695）      PDF（pc） （5325KB）（1017）       Knowledge map    Save The Arctic region has a harsh climate and an important strategic location. The shortest straight distance between countries in North America, northern Europe and northern Asia is the path through the Arctic. Meteorological, navigation, communication, radar and other support are needed during the Arctic cruises. Arctic sea fog, which reduces the visibility at sea, can cause ships to lose their routes resulting in serious accidents such as grounding and collision. Sea fog can also cause radiowave propagation phenomena, such as atmospheric ducting over the horizon and serious attenuation of millimeter waves. Using the global reanalysis data, based on the mesoscale atmospheric numerical model suitable for the Arctic region, this paper successfully simulated the Arctic fog and its evolution and development encountered in the 4th Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition in the Arctic Ocean by improving the Noah land surface process scheme, the long wave radiation scheme (RRTMG scheme) and other settings. Based on Mie scattering theory and Rayleigh scattering theory, the unit distance attenuation values for millimeter wave and far infrared band were evaluated. For the two representative frequencies in the millimeter wave band (100 GHz and 30 GHz at the high and low ends of the frequency band), the attenuation value increased gradually with the water content of sea fog at the 30 GHz, but the change was gentle. At 100 GHz, the attenuation value increased rapidly with the water content of sea fog. For the two representative wavelengths of the infrared band (0.1 cm and 50 µm at the high and low ends of the band), the attenuation value increased gradually with the water content of sea fog at the wavelength of 0.1 cm, but the change was slow. At the wavelength of 50 µm, the attenuation value increased rapidly to hundreds of dB·km–1 with the water content of sea fog. The attenuation values of the two wavelengths differed greatly. For the same water content fog area, the far infrared attenuation value per kilometer was far greater than that of the millimeter wave. The attenuation values of high and low end of the millimeter wave band and at the highest end of the infrared wave band (0.1 cm) were generally less than a few tens of dB·km–1, while the attenuation value at 50 µm, the lowest end of the infrared wave band, was several hundred dB·km–1, which was much larger than other bands. The Polar WRF model can simulate and obtain more accurate characteristics of Arctic sea fog. The model can also be used to evaluate the spatial and temporal effects of Arctic sea fog on electromagnetic wave propagation attenuation and radio information system characteristics. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Analysis of distribution and exploitation of oil and gas resources in the Arctic region SUN Di, ZHANG Houhe, HAO Jing, LI Chunrong, LIU Shixiang, JIANG Dexin, LI Yican Chinese Journal of Polar Research    2024, 36 (2): 286-303.   DOI: 10.13679/j.jdyj.20240001 Abstract （724）      PDF（pc） （1369KB）（979）       Knowledge map    Save The Arctic region has significant potential for oil and gas resources, which is important in optimizing energy import structure and dispersing oil import risk in China. Using the latest data from Standard and Poor’s Global and the United States Geological Survey, this study analyzed the history of oil and gas exploration and development in major countries around the Arctic and the temporal and spatial distribution of oil and gas resources in the region. The results show that: (1) Arctic oil and gas exploration and development is mainly conducted by Russia, the USA, Canada, Norway, and Denmark, and can be divided into four stages: early investigations (before 1963), discovery on land and early development (1964–1976), sea-land common developments on land and offshore and rapid production (1977–1992), exploration downturn and development based on high oil position (1993–present). (2) In the Arctic, 519 oil and gas fields have been discovered, with cumulative proved and probable (2P) recoverable reserves, cumulative production, and undiscovered potential resources of 47400 million tons, 16200 million tons, and 115900 million tons of oil equivalent, respectively; the composition and geographical distribution of oil and gas are uneven, and resources are present in different categories of countries. Combining these results with the current situations in major Arctic countries and future prospects for the resource exploitation, positive cooperation with Russia in natural gas exploration and development, domestically and internationally, is recommended. China would actively expand international cooperation in exploiting liquefied natural gas  and developing infrastructure for the Arctic shipping route on the basis of consolidating the pipeline natural gas construction process. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Discussion on design methods for polar compacted snow runways Huo Haifeng, Li Tao, Chen Qingwei, Jia Wentao, Hu Biao Chinese Journal of Polar Research    2023, 35 (4): 580-590.   DOI: 10.13679/j.jdyj.20220423 Abstract （678）      PDF（pc） （1789KB）（962）       Knowledge map    Save As the world’s most powerful countries increase their investment in Antarctic scientific research, the construction of polar airports will play a significant role in ensuring aviation transportation. However, China’s research on the design of polar runways has rarely been reported. Here, two foreign methods of compacted snow runway design are introduced in detail, namely the double-layer elastic system method and the empirical method. The elastic method uses Burmister’s theory to calculate pavement deflection, whereas the empirical method obtains the pavement design index through measured deflection data. Taking the A320 aircraft as an example, a comparative analysis was performed of runways designed using these two methods. The advantage of the elastic method is that the same deflection standard can be used for different combinations of pavement design; the limitation is that single wheel load and the number of load actions are not considered. The empirical method considers a variety of aircraft parameters, but the deflection standard 10 mm cannot be changed. The comparison, indicated that the empirical method considers more aircraft parameters and, under the same deflection standard, the pavement design index of the empirical method was higher than that of the elastic method. Furthermore, the empirical method met strength design requirements while considering deflection. Thus, the empirical method design is deemed to be more scientific and safer than the elastic method. This study provides important reference data for the design and construction of polar compacted snow runways for China. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Surface meltwater on the Greenland ice sheet mapped from PlanetScope small satellite imagery Zhu Yuxin, Zhang Wensong, Yang Kang, Chinese Journal of Polar Research    2023, 35 (4): 508-516.   DOI: 10.13679/j.jdyj.20220419 Abstract （686）      PDF（pc） （4467KB）（895）       Knowledge map    Save Surface melt of the Greenland ice sheet and its impact on rising sea levels have become hot topics in international research. Each summer, surface meltwater forms on the Greenland ice sheet, forming supraglacial lakes, supraglacial rivers, and water-filled crevasses. There is a large area of surface meltwater, which exhibits complex structure, and changes rapidly over time. Regional climate models do not accurately simulate the distribution of surface meltwater, and medium resolution satellite images may not reflect spatial and temporal changes in surface meltwater. CubeSats, such as PlanetScope, allow dynamic monitoring of surface meltwater by providing near-daily satellite observation at 3 m spatial resolution. In this study, we extracted surface meltwater in a typical internally drained catchment in the southwest Greenland ice sheet using PlanetScope images. We then constructed a formula to estimate meltwater depth from the PlanetScope images and compared meltwater volume estimated by satellite images and meltwater runoff simulated by the MAR v3.11 model. The results showed that the open water fraction (OWF) of surface meltwater in the catchment first rose then decreased during July and August 2019, peaking on 12 July (8.7%). The surface meltwater depth in the catchment ranged from 0.2 to 1.5 m, and the supraglacial lakes were the deepest (0.9 m±0.2 m), followed by the mainstem of supraglacial rivers (0.6 m±0.1 m), and the tributaries of supraglacial rivers (0.5 m±0.1 m). The OWF, meltwater volume and daily runoff simulated by MAR were positively correlated, indicating that meltwater runoff directly supplies supraglacial lakes and rivers. The surface meltwater storage capacity is limited (<1%), and the catchment is efficiently transporting meltwater into the ice sheet. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Relationship between pCO2 variation and sea ice change in the western Arctic Ocean Zhao Yu, Yang Wei, Wu Yingxu, Jin Meibing, Qi Di Chinese Journal of Polar Research    2023, 35 (4): 499-507.   DOI: 10.13679/j.jdyj.20220421 Abstract （793）      PDF（pc） （1795KB）（876）       Knowledge map    Save Sea ice retreat in the Arctic Ocean has caused an increase in open water area, which has consequently contributed to the absorption of more carbon dioxide (CO2) by surface seawater, and an increase in the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2). However, there is a lack of research on the dramatic changes in pCO2 during sea ice retreat and its interaction with sea ice. Based on the 3rd Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition data in 2008, this study found that the distribution of summer sea surface pCO2 in the western Arctic Ocean was characterized by low values on the shelf and high values in the ocean basin. The study area overall was a sink for atmospheric CO2, with air-sea CO2 fluxes of 13.8 mmol·m–2·d–1 in the shelf area and 3.7 mmol·m–2·d–1 in the basin. This study used a mass balance model to investigate the response of sea surface pCO2 in the Canadian Basin during the whole period of sea ice melting process. The results showed that: (1) during the melting process, pCO2 slowly increased by air-sea CO2 exchange; (2) after the sea ice had completely melted and with prolonged exposure of the sea surface to the air, the combined effects of air-sea CO2 exchange and warming resulted in a rapid increase in pCO2, and the rate of increase was higher than that in the melting stage. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Advances in stable oxygen isotopes ratio in ocean surface seawater Heng Fuxin, Tian Biao, Sun Weijun, Wu Xuemei, Ding Minghu Chinese Journal of Polar Research    2023, 35 (3): 428-439.   DOI: 10.13679/j.jdyj.20220410 Abstract （629）      PDF（pc） （4364KB）（824）       Knowledge map    Save Stable oxygen isotope ratio (δ18O) in ocean surface seawater is an accurate indicator of oceanic circulations. It can also be used to reconstruct paleoclimates. With the recent expansion of the sampling range and improvement in analytical techniques, research on δ18O in surface seawater has progressed markedly, yielding mainly improved knowledge of the δ18O distribution and source attribution. However, because of constraints on the range of oceanographic surveys, the spatio-temporal variations of oceanic δ18O remain incompletely characterized. In this study, the current research methods and recent progress pertaining to δ18O in ocean surface seawater were summarized, providing a reference for further research on oxygen stable isotope ratios in ocean surface seawater. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Coupling between iceberg rafted debris events and bottom current activities in the northwestern Weddell Sea during the last glacial period Yan Bin, Xie Jingqian, Wu Li, Huang Bo Chinese Journal of Polar Research    2023, 35 (4): 542-555.   DOI: 10.13679/j.jdyj.20220437 Abstract （641）      PDF（pc） （1137KB）（790）       Knowledge map    Save During the late Quaternary, climate changes drove the advance and retreat of ice shelves in and around the Antarctic. Icebergs carried iceberg rafted debris (IRD) by calving, floating, and melting into the ocean. The large amount of melt water altered the structure of ocean water profiles and activities, which also affected the deposition of IRD. The association between IRD events and bottom current activities is not yet fully understood. Here, we present a sediment record retrieved from the northwestern Weddell Sea. Obvious peaks of four-IRD events were observed parallel with four bottom water enhancement events, based on a precise comparison of grain size data and End Member Model Analysis. These synchronous events revealed a coupling mechanism between the ocean and glacial systems. Two strong washing events supported the existence of two discontinuities of sedimentation, which explained the age difference between the paleomagnetism reverse and the AMS14C data. As the very low export productivity was similar to that at a glacial level, we deduced that most of this core was deposited in the last glacial period. The millennial temperature increases in the Antarctic triggered ice shelf retreats and led to obvious IRD events and bottom current activities. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Progress in astronomical site testing at Dome A, Antarctica SHANG Zhaohui, HU Yi Chinese Journal of Polar Research    2024, 36 (1): 1-11.   DOI: 10.13679/j.jdyj.20230085 Abstract （449）      PDF（pc） （5369KB）（776）       Knowledge map    Save More and more observational evidence has demonstrated that the Dome A region where Kunlun Station is located has the best ground-based astronomical observation conditions in optical, infrared, and terahertz wave bands. It has excellent free-atmosphere seeing, extremely low precipitable water vapor, a very dark sky background at night, and months of continuous observation time during polar nights. Through a summary of work in the past seventeen years, this article focuses on the comprehensive site survey work at Dome A and presents the measurement results as well as the latest progress. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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A 1-km digital elevation model of the Antarctic ice sheet inferred from ICESat-2 altimetry Fan Yipei, Wang Zemin, Zhang Baojun Chinese Journal of Polar Research    2023, 35 (3): 383-391.   DOI: 10.13679/j.jdyj.20220413 Abstract （794）      PDF（pc） （4798KB）（757）       Knowledge map    Save A digital elevation model (DEM) describes the shape of an ice sheet. It is a particularly essential data to study the Antarctic ice sheet. However, because of climate change, the West Antarctic ice sheet has suffered drastic melting that induced marked modifications of its DEM changes. Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2) is the latest-generation satellite laser altimetry. It was launched in 2018 by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The onboard Advanced Topographical Laser Altimeter System (ATLAS) acquires high-density, high accuracy observations of the Antarctic ice sheet. In this study, a new DEM of the Antarctic ice sheet established by spatio-temporal fitting of ICESat-2 elevation measurements onto a high-resolution grid with a cell size of 1 km×1 km. The median, root-mean-square and decile interval of the differences between the ICESat-2 DEM derived in this study and IceBridge elevation data were –0.45 m, 17.51 m, and 17.93 m, respectively. In different slope bands, the ICESat-2 DEM accuracy was higher than that of a previous DEM also derivedo from ICESat-2 data. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Optimized efficiency evaluation method for Antarctic research station network based on local features Cheng Kunfeng, Liu Haiyan, Pang Xiaoping Chinese Journal of Polar Research    2023, 35 (4): 533-541.   DOI: 10.13679/j.jdyj.20220208 Abstract （608）      PDF（pc） （780KB）（706）       Knowledge map    Save To evaluate the Antarctic research station network efficiency under different site layouts, an optimized network efficiency evaluation method was proposed based on local properties. The relative importance of points and edges was evaluated, based on Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), to represent the local properties of the network. The relative importance was substituted in the modified network efficiency model to obtain the operational efficiency of the network. This method was used to analyze the operational efficiency of China’s, the United States’ and Australia’s Antarctic research station networks. This method is suitable for efficiency evaluations of different networks, which can provide a reference for site selection or overall layout adjustments of new Antarctic research stations in the future. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Progress of CHINARE on the pattern of Antarctic marine biogenic elements and their ecological and environmental effects PAN Jianming, ZHAO Jun, LI Dong, ZHANG Haifeng, YU Peisong, ZHANG Cai, YANG Xufeng, ZHU Changfeng1, HU Ji1, HU Chuanyu, FAN Gaojing, HAN Zhengbing1, SUN Weiping, TAO Keyu, LAN Musheng, ZHANG Haisheng Chinese Journal of Polar Research    2024, 36 (3): 329-342.   DOI: 10.13679/j.jdyj.20240033 Abstract （356）      PDF（pc） （6753KB）（704）       Knowledge map    Save The investigation of patterns of biogenic elements in the Antarctic marine environment and their ecological and environmental effects is crucial for understanding global climate change, carbon cycling, and interactions within ecosystems. It also provides a scientific foundation for predicting the evolutionary patterns of the Southern Ocean ecosystem. Since inaugural Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition (CHINARE) in 1984, extensive surveys of the Southern Ocean have been conducted over the years. By utilizing national initiatives such as the “Chinese Pole Environment Comprehensive Investigation & Assessment Programmes” and the “Impact and Response of Antarctic Seas to Climate Change”, continuous and methodical research has been carried out on critical scientific matters concerning the development of the Southern Ocean ecosystem and its environmental components, leading to significant discoveries. This review article examines the Chinese research advancements related to the distribution of marine biogenic elements in the Southern Ocean and their ecological and environmental impacts. It primarily synthesizes research outcomes on the interrelationship between marine biogenic element cycling and planktonic ecosystems, the flux of biogenic material deposition and its seasonal variations, and sedimentary records of upper ocean processes. The ecological processes of Antarctic polynyas and their responses to global climate change are preliminaries discussed. Some suggestions are put forward for the future ecology and environment investigation in the Southern Ocean. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Analysis and evaluation of current Chinese polar expedition icebreaker logistic support capability XIA Yinyue, CHEN Qingman, JIANG Jingjian Chinese Journal of Polar Research    2024, 36 (2): 304-315.   DOI: 10.13679/j.jdyj.20220435 Abstract （446）      PDF（pc） （4941KB）（660）       Knowledge map    Save China’s polar exploration activities have developed increasingly over the past 40 years. However, deficiencies remain in the comprehensive security of polar icebreaker capacity, especially relative to the needs of China and those of the developed countries. For example, currently, China’s polar icebreakers can only offer limited operating time in ice-covered regions and increased capability is required to support comprehensive scientific research such as the study of interactions in the ice-sea-air-biology system. This paper reports the results of a comprehensive analysis of the support capabilities of R/V Xuelong and R/V Xuelong 2, which are the Chinese polar ice breakers that are in active service. The modes of operation with respect to logistics support and scientific investigation activities are reviewed and are compared with the characteristics of the mainstream polar research vessels from other countries. This paper probes into the differences, challenges, and shortcomings in support capability, management mode, and operation mechanism, and puts forward ideas and suggestions to further improve China’s comprehensive polar research capability. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Impact of polar particle precipitation on HF signal along Arctic shipping routes GE Shucan, XU Bin, LI Hailong, XU Tong, ZHU Mengyan, MENG Lin, WU Jian Chinese Journal of Polar Research    2024, 36 (1): 12-25.   DOI: 10.13679/j.jdyj.20230068 Abstract （475）      PDF（pc） （5099KB）（650）       Knowledge map    Save Arctic shipping routes connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans through the Arctic Ocean, are rapidly evolving and will have profound implications for global geopolitics and the economy. Existing single-station HF signal communication systems are vulnerable to the challenging polar space environment, resulting in limited reliability and an inability to ensure safe navigation of vessels along the Arctic shipping routes. In response to the communication needs of the Arctic shipping routes, we established a theoretical framework to evaluate HF signal communication coverage based on deterministic models. Furthermore, the calculation methods for power in complex refractive index ray tracing have been focused on. We evaluated the communication effects of HF signal networking along the Arctic shipping routes, and investigated the impact of polar ionospheric disturbances, such as high-energy particle deposition, on HF signal propagation effects in polar region. This study provides a solid theoretical basis to assess the communication effectiveness of HF signal access networks and to optimize the design of station networks for communication along Arctic shipping routes. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Critical control software technologies for Antarctic optical astronomical telescopes LI Xiaoyan, LI Yun, SUN Tianrui, YANG Shihai, DU Fujia, XU Lingzhe Chinese Journal of Polar Research    2024, 36 (1): 99-111.   DOI: 10.13679/j.jdyj.20230079 Abstract （418）      PDF（pc） （2864KB）（636）       Knowledge map    Save The control software of astronomical telescopes, running on their control computer, is an essential part of a telescope’s operational chain and the critical technological interface between users and telescopes. For users, the control software is an interactive interface that allows them to automate observations, control telescopes remotely via satellite communications, and conduct regular system fault diagnosis. For telescopes, the control software commands the pointing and precise tracking of celestial objects, calculates and compensates system errors, and optimizes operations to maximize image quality. Compared with their mid-latitude counterparts, optical telescopes operating in Antarctica face specific challenges requiring a specially designed control software. In this article, critical technologies and design principles specific to the Antarctic optical telescope control software are described: operating system, remote transfer of the telescope pointing error correction model, automatic observation interface, remote satellite communication, remote operation and maintenance, and on-site telescope status monitoring and fault diagnosis. Future development of relevant technologies is also discussed. This article aims to provide a technical reference for future development of Antarctic astronomical telescopes and control systems. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Review and prospect of ice radar technology for polar ice and snow detection Xing Zhirui Lang Shinan Zhao Bo Dou Yinke Xiao Peng Li Lin Sun Bo Cui Xiangbin, Chinese Journal of Polar Research    2023, 35 (4): 591-606.   DOI: 10.13679/j.jdyj.20220431 Abstract （753）      PDF（pc） （7540KB）（625）       Knowledge map    Save Ice radar is the main technical means for detecting polar ice and snow. It provides important basic observational data for studying the geometric characteristics, internal structure, subglacial topography and environment of polar ice and snow. In the 1950s, humans first discovered that electromagnetic waves in specific frequency bands could “penetrate” the Antarctic ice sheet, and in the 1960s developed an ice radar system for the detection of polar ice sheets under ice. Over the past 60 years, with the development of computers, electronic information, and satellite positioning and navigation technology, the research on ice radar technology has achieved rapidly developed, resulting in a diversified ice radar system suitable for the different detection requirements of polar ice sheet, sea ice and snow cover. Based on a brief review of the development of early ice radar technology, this paper reviews and summarizes the main progress over the past 10 years, in China and abroad, in three aspects: deep detection of polar ice sheets, shallow detection of polar ice sheets and sea ice, and new polar ice and snow detection ice radar technology. To meet needs for future research on the observation of polar ice sheets, sea ice, and snow cover, it will be necessary to further improve the performance of ice radar systems (including detection depth, cross-track resolution, and vertical resolution), develop small, low-power ice radar systems that meet the needs of new platforms (such as drones and satellites), and develop multi-channel, multi-frequency, multi-polarization integrated ice radar technology. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Analysis on evolution of atmospheric sciences’ frontier in the Arctic and Antarctic studies using Web of Science database Wang Shuting, Li Na, Wu Xinnian Chinese Journal of Polar Research    2023, 35 (4): 630-645.   DOI: 10.13679/j.jdyj.20220442 Abstract （637）      PDF（pc） （3737KB）（602）       Knowledge map    Save Atmospheric science has become a hotspot and frontier field in polar research. Here, we review atmospheric science research in the Arctic and Antarctic published between 2000 and 2022, using the three databases of the Web of Science core collection. We analyzed trends in the number of studies, keyword emergence, highly cited results, and the co-occurrence of keywords. (1) To date, Arctic research has mainly focused on topics such as the Arctic amplification effect, polar warming and glacier melting, climate model innovation and CMIP6 model application, east Asian extreme cold events, and the occurrence mechanism of extreme abnormal climate phenomena. (2) Antarctic research has mainly focused on topics such as surface mass balance, sea ice melting and climate variability, climate model innovation and CMIP6 model application, thermohaline circulation, and future climate change prediction. (3) China’s research on the polar regions is at a stage of rapid development, and the relationship between the polar regions and climate change in China should be further explored through the application of innovative theories and models. (4) To cope with climate change and promote the implementation of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality strategies, the mechanisms of atmospheric circulation and extreme climate events, as well as carbon emission monitoring, carbon cycle research, and polar climate simulation, should be a focus for future research. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）