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30 September 2025, Volume 37 Issue 3 Previous Issue   

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A Swin Transformer-based space hurricane identification model QIAO Feng, ZHANG Qinghe, XING Zanyang, WANG Yong, MA Yuzhang, LU Sheng, ZHANG Hongbo, WANG Feifei 2025, 37 (3):  427-436.  DOI: 10.13679/j.jdyj.20240016 Abstract ( 69 )   PDF (13061KB) ( 44 )   A space hurricane is a vortex-like auroral bright-spot structure that occurs in the polar cap region during quiet geomagnetic periods and is caused by the local injection of a large amount of solar wind energy into the polar ionosphere, comparable to a magnetic storm. Achieving accurate and effective identification of space hurricane events from a large amount of auroral data is essential for studies of solar wind energy injection. In this paper, a Swin Transformer model, which is used to identify space hurricanes from Defense Meteorological Satellite Program/Special Sensor Uleraviolet Spectrographic Imager (DMSP/SSUSI) images, is constructed. This model improves computation time using splitting windows and establishes inter-window information transfer channels using the Shifted Window Multi-Head Self-Attention (SW-MSA) method, achieving automatic identification of space hurricanes. The study demonstrates that the model trained using a dataset consisting of space hurricanes in the northern and southern hemispheres identifies space hurricane events more accurately. The accuracy of the Swin Transformer-based space hurricane identification model is 95.94%. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Enhanced Arctic summer sea ice concentration retrieval from FY-3D / MWRI XIA Changwei, WANG Xin, YE Yufang, CHEN Zhuoqi 2025, 37 (3):  437-452.  DOI: 10.13679/j.jdyj.20240007 Abstract ( 53 )   PDF (13574KB) ( 24 )   Sea ice concentration is an important parameter to describe the characteristics of sea ice. It is of great significance to obtain accurate sea ice concentration for the study of global climate change. In this study, we improves the atmospheric correction effect of summer observed brightness temperature by optimizing the estimation of sea ice emissivity and initial sea ice concentration in the microwave radiative transfer model, thereby optimizing the retrieval results of sea ice concentration using passive microwaves. Based on the FY-3D/MWRI brightness temperature data from June to September 2019, four sets of Arctic sea ice concentration data (ASI2-FTP, ASI2-DTP, ASI2E-FTP, ASI2E-DTP) were obtained by using the original and enhanced ASI2 algorithm (ASI2 and ASI2E) combined with fixed tie points and dynamic tie points (FTP and DTP). The results were evaluated by 14 MODIS images. The enhanced method can effectively improve the Arctic sea ice concentration retrieval in summer, which is particularly effective for the method based on fixed tie points. After enhancement, the root mean square error decreased from 21.9 % to 15.43 %, and the bias reduced from –12.40 % to –6.01 %. Among the four methods, the enhanced algorithm based on dynamic tie points (ASI2E-DTP) performs best, with a root mean square error of 14.33 % and a bias of –4.53 %. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on outlines extraction algorithm of Antarctic subglacial lake based on ICESat-2 laser altimetry data WAN Jiale, LIU Jun, TANG Denghui, LI Chao, CHEN Lihui 2025, 37 (3):  453-463.  DOI: 10.13679/j.jdyj.20230066 Abstract ( 65 )   PDF (23423KB) ( 23 )   The evolution of Antarctic subglacial lakes is closely related to global climate change. Active subglacial lakes undergo significant changes in area and volume with the processes of storage and drainage. It is necessary to track and accurately extract outlines of Antarctic subglacial lakes for an in-depth understanding of subglacial hydrological processes and the mass balance of ice sheets. In this paper, we use ATL11 data from the ICESat-2 laser altimeter to extract the active subglacial lake outlines of the Byrd Glacier and Whillans ice flows in the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica. Then, we analyze the lake water potential hydrology using the DBSCAN cluster, Graham, and AlphaShape algorithms. The results show that the extracted subglacial lake outlines conform to the hydrological law, and the outlines of Byrd S10, Whillans 6, and other lakes are similar to those described in the latest report from 2022. There is a large amount of water at the intersection and classification of ice flows to promote the formation and expansion of lakes, and this phenomenon has obvious spatiotemporal characteristics. The outline extraction algorithm described in this paper is suitable for various shapes of subglacial lake point clouds and offers increased accuracy. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Bathymetric inversion of small lakes in the Larsemann Hills, Antarctica, based on multi-source remote sensing and deep learning ZHU Tingting, LI Jiacheng, CUI Xiangbin, SHU Chanfang, ZHANG Yu 2025, 37 (3):  464-476.  DOI: 10.13679/j.jdyj.20240095 Abstract ( 58 )   PDF (17582KB) ( 16 )   The spatial-temporal distribution and changes in water storage of lakes formed on the surface of the Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) and in exposed bedrock due to precipitation and melting snow and ice are important indicators of global climate change, as they affect the stability of glaciers and ice shelves at the margins of the AIS. In this paper, multi-source remote sensing data, such as ICESat-2 laser altimetry, Sentinel-2 multispectral imagery, and aerial imagery, are fused to derive water depths in the proposed framework. ICESat-2 laser altimetry data are employed to calculate water depth along the survey line. Multispectral information derived from optical data is input into the linear empirical model and the deep learning convolutional neural network (CNN) models to establish the corresponding relationships for small lakes in the Larsemann Hills. The derived water depths are verified by combining high-resolution airborne remote sensing image data acquired by helicopters on 39th Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition and measured bathymetric data from the 63rd Russian Antarctic Summer Expedition. The experimental results show that the root mean square error (ERMSE) of the image inversion bathymetry and in situ bathymetry at Lake Reid derived using the empirical model is 0.58 m, the mean absolute error (EMAE) is 0.49 m, the average bias (BA) is −0.36 m, the bias standard deviation (DBSD) is 0.46 m, and R2 is 0.51. The accuracy evaluation results obtained by the CNN deep learning algorithm are 0.37 m for ERMSE, 0.32 m for EMAE, –0.19 m for BA, and 0.32 m for DBSD, with an R2 value of 0.75, which indicates that the deep learning-based algorithm can realize significant improvement of the bathymetric inversion accuracy from the four accuracies. Therefore, this paper utilizes ICESat-2 laser altimetry and multispectral remote sensing images to construct a multi-source heterogeneous remote sensing image fusion model, on the basis of which a deep learning CNN model is developed to realize the Antarctic small lake bathymetry task, with lower error and higher accuracy compared with the linear empirical model. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The characteristics of Arctic Oscillation and Antarctic Oscillation based on CMA’s atmospheric reanalysis YANG Rongze, LI Jiayao, ZHOU Shunwu, LENG Jiaxing 2025, 37 (3):  477-493.  DOI: 10.13679/j.jdyj.20230057 Abstract ( 46 )   PDF (8399KB) ( 10 )   The Arctic Oscillation (AO) and Antarctic Oscillation (AAO) are important modes that typically affect atmospheric circulation and temperature changes outside tropical areas, and they are considered significant drivers of the internal variability of climate systems. Based on China’s CRA40 reanalysis dataset and using ERA5 reanalysis data as a reference, this paper presents a statistical analysis of the spatiotemporal variations of the AO and AAO during 1989—2020 and the pattern of atmospheric circulation during strong and weak years of oscillation, thus verifying the applicability of CRA40 for analyzing the AO and AAO. The results show that: (1) the master mode of geopotential height based on CRA40 presents the zonal distribution characteristics of reverse variation in middle-high latitudes, which is consistent with the ERA5 reanalysis data; (2) throughout the analysis period, there is a significant correlation between the oscillation index based on CRA40 and that of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; (3) in strong (weak) years of oscillation indicated by CRA40, the sea-level pressure and temperature at high latitudes exhibit negative (positive) anomalies, the wind field is cyclonic (anticyclonic), and the distribution of each element field at middle latitudes is the opposite of that at high latitudes; and (4) the mean zonal wind in the strong and weak oscillation years identified by CRA40 exhibits a zonal teleconnection with alternating positive-negative distribution and a barotropic structure. The analysis indicates that CRA40 effectively reflects the spatiotemporal distribution and structure of atmospheric circulation associated with the AO and AAO. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of meteorological factors influencing aviation flight at Zhongshan Ice and Snow Airport in East Antarctica LIU Kai, SONG Xiaojiang, SHEN Hui, GUO Anboyu, ZHAO Yilei, DENG Xiaohua, DING Zhuoming, TIAN Biao, ZHANG Wenqian 2025, 37 (3):  494-509.  DOI: 10.13679/j.jdyj.20230072 Abstract ( 47 )   PDF (10686KB) ( 15 )   Using observation data from 2000—2019, this study analyzes the characteristics of meteorological elements near the Zhongshan Ice and Snow Airport, East Antarctica. These data are combined with captain reports from “Snow Eagle 601” to determine the multi-time scale characteristics of days with visibility of <5 km, days with runway crosswinds of ≥6 force level, and days meeting the flight conditions. There are significant seasonal differences in the statistical relationships between the meteorological elements. The visibility at the airport is generally good, but there are more cloudy days, with only 13%~37.6% of the days being sunny each month. On average, there are 2~3 and 2~5 days each month with low visibility and runway crosswinds, respectively, and the number of flyable days is higher in December and January, with an average of about 8 d. The low visibility is typically caused by the presence of a circumpolar cyclone in the north and a weak anticyclone in the south, leading to the convergence of cold and warm air at the airport. Southeastward and easterly runway crosswinds correspond to extreme katabatic winds and cyclonic gales, respectively. In summer, when the polar high pressure is weak, there are more days with low visibility; however, the flying conditions are better. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of the thermal metamorphic history between two types of chondrules in GRV 13100 and NWA 13632 enstatite chondrites GAO Xukai , XIE Lanfang, CHEN Hongyi, YANG Shanshan, XIA Zhipeng, YIN Yiman, ZHAO Yanfei 2025, 37 (3):  510-521.  DOI: 10.13679/j.jdyj.20240044 Abstract ( 36 )   PDF (36593KB) ( 6 )   The characteristics of petrology and mineralogy for porphyritic olivine pyroxene chondrule and barred pyroxene chondrule in GRV 13100 (EH4) and the whole rock in NWA 13632 (EH6) enstatite chondrite are reported in this paper, and the comparative study of their thermal metamorphic history are carried out. Two different cathodolumine-scence olivine, thermometers of oldhamite of porphyritic olivine pyroxene chondrule in GRV 13100 show that the chondrule have undergone incomplete melting of 800~900 ℃ and rapid cooling crystallization. The barred pyroxene chondrule in GRV 13100 underwent complete high-temperature melting higher than 1315 ℃, and the cooling rate was greater than 1 000 ℃·h-1. Their thermal metamorphic characteristics conform to the “rubble pile model”, and the metamorphic heat source comes from the impact energy. NWA 13632 enstatite chondrite has a high degree of thermal metamorphism (type 6) and weathering (W3), a blurred boundary between chondrule and matrix, a low impact metamorphism (S2), no impact melting phenomenon; The olivine and silica phases are absent in the residual spherules and matrix. Compared with GRV 13100, the Mn content of enstatite and troilite in NWA 13632 is low, and the secondary plagioclase and pyroxene form an equigranular texture in some areas. So, its thermal metamorphism characteristics are consistent with the “onion model”. NWA13632 meteorite may have formed deep within its parent body and was heated by the decay of radioactive elements. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Sediment distribution characteristics of Arctic seas based on multi-source data integration YU Jia, LIU Zhijie, SHU Yuting, TIAN Xiande, KONG Min, LI Weilu 2025, 37 (3):  522-531.  DOI: 10.13679/j.jdyj.20230080 Abstract ( 46 )   PDF (4380KB) ( 16 )   This paper comprehensively collected the Arctic seas sediment data by domestic and international sources, selected and integrated 4245 stations of surface sediment grain size data in the Arctic seas by using strict quality control criteria, and used the grain size component grid superposition method to map the distribution of sediment types in the Arctic seas area. The distribution characteristics of surface sediments types and the main controlling factors were studied and discussed. The results showed that: (1) The types of sediments in the Arctic seas were very abundant, especially the gravel-bearing sediments were widely distributed on the continental shelf. (2) The gravel-bearing sediments were mainly included slightly gravelly mud, slightly gravelly muddy sand, slightly gravelly sand, gravelly mud and gravelly muddy sand, the gravel-free sediments mainly included silty sand, muddy sand, sandy silt, sandy mud and mud. (3) The distribution of sediment types in the Arctic sea was mainly controlled by river input, coastal erosion, sea ice and icebergs transport and ocean currents, river input and coastal erosion provided the main terrestrial sediment sources. (4) Sea ice and icebergs were particularly important for the transport of coarse-grained detrital sediments, and ocean currents controlled the transport path of sediments and sea ice, which can transported sediments over long distances to deep-water areas such as the central Arctic Ocean and the Greenland Sea. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Experimental study of the brine ice dielectric constant at low and medium frequencies ZHANG Nan, CHANG Xiaomin, ZUO Guangyu, JIA Zhixue, DOU Yinke 2025, 37 (3):  532-540.  DOI: 10.13679/j.jdyj.20230064 Abstract ( 68 )   PDF (4098KB) ( 17 )   Sea ice is melting rapidly in the Arctic region, and further monitoring of the ice situation in the polar region is critical. The dielectric constant is an important parameter for remote sensing monitoring of sea ice. This study utilizes a cryogenic laboratory to investigate the relationship between the dielectric and physical properties of sea ice and quantitatively analyze the dominant factors affecting changes in the dielectric constant of sea ice under different conditions. The air temperature of the polar region is simulated to test the dielectric and physical properties of artificially frozen brine ice within a frequency range of 80 kHz~50 MHz. The investigation is focused on changes in the dielectric constant of brine ice with frequency, ice temperature, and salinity with increasing temperature (from −45 ℃ to −15 ℃), and the effects of different factors on the dielectric constant are assessed using correlation analysis. The results show that the dielectric constant of brine ice is positively correlated with ice temperature and salinity, and increases by ~1.5 for every 10 ℃ increase in ice temperature. Furthermore, it is negatively correlated with frequency, with higher salinity lowering the rate of change. Finally, the test results are used to establish a dielectric constant prediction model for pure ice and brine ice, yielding R2 values of 0.75 and 0.68, P-values of 0.005 and 0.008, root mean square error values of 1.1 and 3.4, and residual sum of squares values of 40 and 127, respectively. The model fitting effect is improved, the regression effect is significant, and the accuracy requirements are met. This indicates that it is feasible to invert the dielectric constant of polar sea ice through physical properties, and that polar sea ice can be monitored via the relationship between its physical and dielectric properties. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application and culture efficiency of the high-throughput microdroplet technique in the isolation and cultivation of microorganisms from Southern Ocean sediments LIU Yisi, ZHANG Jin, MAO Mengting, LIU Renzong, DUAN Zedong, CHEN Bo, LIAO Li 2025, 37 (3):  541-550.  DOI: 10.13679/j.jdyj.20240053 Abstract ( 37 )   PDF (570KB) ( 15 )   To evaluate the feasibility of microdroplet technology for the isolation and cultivation of polar microorganisms, and to explore its potential for enhancing microbial cultivation efficiency, this study utilized high-throughput microdroplet encapsulation technology to conduct research on the isolation and cultivation of microorganisms from sediment samples collected in the Southern Ocean. The results show that: (1) Compared with the traditional spread plate method, differences were observed in the bacterial groups isolated and cultivated using the high-throughput microdroplet method. Although both methods primarily isolated Halomonas, the resultant proportions differed. (2) Both methods successfully isolated other strain groups that the other method failed to cultivate. This indicates that the combined use of these two techniques can effectively increase microbial species diversity. (3) Under the conditions of this study, the total number of strains isolated and cultured by the high-throughput microdroplet method was less than that isolated by the traditional spread plate method, but more non-redundant amplicon sequence variants were detected with the high-throughput method than with the traditional spread plate method per unit time, which reflects the potential of the high-throughput method for improving the efficiency of microbial separation. This study provides a scientific basis for exploring the application of high-throughput microdroplet encapsulation technology in the isolation and cultivation of polar microorganisms and offers insight and a reference for further optimization of such methods in the isolation and cultivation of polar microorganisms in future studies. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Numerical simulation of tides at the Great Wall Station in Antarctica based on FVCOM DONG Xuan, HUANG Daiying, HU Song 2025, 37 (3):  551-562.  DOI: 10.13679/j.jdyj.20230082 Abstract ( 42 )   PDF (2114KB) ( 10 )   The Antarctic Great Wall Station is located at the southern tip of the Fildes Peninsula on King George Island, Antarctica. Observation of tides in the water adjacent to the Great Wall Station is important for the construction and maintenance of the station and for its operation. In this study, the three-dimensional hydrodynamic ocean numerical model Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model (FVCOM) is used to simulate the tidal dynamic process near the South Shetland Islands and the adjacent sea area, in which the Great Wall Station is located. By comparing the simulated summer water levels at the Great Wall Station in 2015—2017 with measured water levels, the model successfully simulates tidal propagation in the area. Based on the model results, the distributions of rectilinear and rotary currents in the waters near the Great Wall Station are discussed. The distribution of the maximum possible tidal range is found to be high in the southeast of the area and low in the northwest, with extremely large tidal ranges at the northeast and southwest ends of King George Island. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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High-precision measurement method and device optimization design for the cross-sectional morphology of borehole walls in polar ice caps BAI Hongliang1, ZHANG Nan, Pavel TALALAY, CHEN Yanji, LIU Yunchen, FAN Xiaopeng, GONG Da, HAN Bo 2025, 37 (3):  563-573.  DOI: 10.13679/j.jdyj.20230070 Abstract ( 64 )   PDF (2979KB) ( 8 )   Polar ice sheet drilling has emerged as a focal point in polar scientific research, with the cross-sectional morphology data from polar ice sheet boreholes providing insights into glacier movement patterns and ice sheet stability. This paper describes the measurement requirements for high-precision physical parameter detection in polar ice sheet boreholes. Jilin University designed a novel measurement device for borehole wall profiles, characterized by its streamlined structure, high measurement accuracy, and convenient maintenance and repair of components. To validate the rationality and precision of the measurement device’s structure, this paper presents numerical simulation analysis and experimental verification of the device’s structure and key components. The paper also proposes improved methods to address deficiencies in the device’s structure, thereby enhancing measurement accuracy and data processing convenience. These improvements not only expand the device’s applicability but also enable its use for measuring the cross-sectional morphologies of boreholes of various sizes, thereby providing a robust tool for highly accurate measurements of polar ice sheet borehole wall profiles and facilitating research into glacier movement patterns and ice sheet stability. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A risk early warning model for the prevention of ships becoming stuck in ice when navigating in Arctic waters based on a multi-state fault tree JIANG Herong, WU Mingyan, FU Shanshan, AO Chenyun, WANG Shengzheng 2025, 37 (3):  574-584.  DOI: 10.13679/j.jdyj.20230075 Abstract ( 73 )   PDF (542KB) ( 15 )   The Arctic sea ice environment and climate change in Arctic waters cause challenges to the safety and security of ship navigation. In order to reduce the risk of ships becoming stuck in ice and protect the safety of crews and ships, it is important to investigate relevant risk early warning systems for ships sailing in Arctic waters. This paper identifies the risk factors for ships being stuck in ice when navigating in Arctic waters from the perspectives of weather, ocean and sea ice conditions, ship, and sailors. A multi-state fault tree risk warning model was constructed based on navigational warning classifications, and the probability prediction was carried out to determine the risk of ships becoming stuck in ice under the combined scenarios of sea ice conditions and ship operation state. Sixteen nodes (including twelve basic events, three intermediate events, and one top event) were identified in the risk warning model for ships sailing in the Arctic, and the nodes were assigned to four state levels: alarm, warning, reminder, and safe. The model provides a dynamic risk warning system based on in situ data from ships sailing in Arctic waters. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Ice prediction and seaworthiness analysis of Arctic shipping lanes based on a combined SARIMA-LSTM model HU Maixiu, HU Ruolan 2025, 37 (3):  585-602.  DOI: 10.13679/j.jdyj.20230063 Abstract ( 71 )   PDF (5072KB) ( 26 )   This paper utilizes sea ice density and sea ice thickness data from 1991 to 2021 and the newly released International Maritime Organization (IMO) Polar Operation Limit Assessment Risk Index System (POLARIS) to assess the comprehensive navigational risk value of the middle- and low-latitude routes of the Northeast Arctic shipping lanes using a novel SARIMA-LSTM model. The combined prediction model forecasts medium- and long-term trends in sea ice conditions in the Northeast Arctic Passage, and the navigability of two representative ship types in this region is examined. Compared with the previous 10 years, the sea ice conditions in the Northeast Arctic Fairway show improvement over the 2022–2035, in which the average sea ice density and sea ice thickness are reduced by 11.31% and 4.82%, respectively, with more pronounced changes during summer and autumn. Based on the IMO POLARIS, the comprehensive navigational risk of both IACS PC7 and IACS PC3 ice-class ships is decreasing. The average risk index outcome (RIO) of IACS PC7 ice-class ships in each sea area of the Arctic Northeast Passage during July–December is greater than zero, which indicates that the navigational risk of the ships is controllable, and the ships can be operated normally during this period. The RIO of IACS PC3 is greater than zero throughout the year, the navigational risk of IACS PC3 ice-class ships is controllable over the whole sea area throughout the year, and the ships can be operated normally. Based on the navigation standards set by ship navigation simulations, the future navigable time in the Northeast Arctic Passage varies markedly among the sample ships, with no significant change in the navigable time of IACS PC7 ice-class ships, which remains at August–November, while the period of navigability of IACS PC3 ice-class ships is extended from July–January to June–February. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The legislative features and value of reference of the Indian Antarctic Act 2022 CHEN Zhonghua 2025, 37 (3):  603-616.  DOI: 10.13679/j.jdyj.20240097 Abstract ( 75 )   PDF (424KB) ( 17 )   The “Indian Antarctic Act 2022” represents India’s first comprehensive Antarctic legislation and serves as the primary legal basis for India’s participation in Antarctic governance as an Antarctic Treaty Consultative Party. Complementing this legislation, India promulgated the “Indian Antarctic Environmental Protection Rules 2023” to further elaborate and implement relevant provisions of the Act. This research examines the overarching legislative framework of the “Indian Antarctic Act 2022”, focusing on how the legislation establishes an administrative licensing-centered regulatory structure and coordinates with domestic legal frameworks to effectively fulfill India’s obligations under the Antarctic Treaty System. The research also identifies distinctive provisions of India’s Antarctic legislation relative to the Antarctic legislation of other nations, while analyzing the positive and negative implications for India’s engagement in Antarctic governance. Given China’s current efforts in formulating a national-level Antarctic legislation, this research offers a valuable reference for China’s Antarctic legislative process and its enhanced participation in Antarctic governance. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Review of Arctic cloud detection methods for remote sensing images LEI Yuhong, SHANG Ziwei, WANG Xingyu, WANG Zhiyi, SHI Baolong, DILINUER Yasheng, WANG Tianyu, WANG Jinyan 2025, 37 (3):  617-630.  DOI: 10.13679/j.jdyj.20230081 Abstract ( 41 )   PDF (3151KB) ( 7 )   The Arctic region is one of the most sensitive areas in the world to climate change; therefore, accurate detection of Arctic clouds is of great significance for improving the accuracy of radiation energy balance estimation in the Arctic region and worldwide. Most of the Arctic region is covered by ice and snow throughout the year, and there are few ground observation stations. Accordingly, the application of multispectral satellite remote sensing technology has become a necessary means of Arctic cloud detection, and satellite remote sensing cloud detection datasets lay a crucial foundation for this methodology. This paper reviews the commonly used satellite remote sensing cloud detection datasets (domestic and international) and provides a comprehensive summary of the representative works of three types of Arctic cloud detection methods; i.e., the traditional threshold method, the classical machine learning method, and the deep learning method. By analyzing and comparing the advantages and limitations of representative works using different methods, the paper evaluates the existing problems in Arctic remote sensing image cloud detection methods and discusses the development potential of the domestic Feng Yun satellite for Arctic cloud detection research. Furthermore, based on future development trends for Arctic cloud detection methods, the paper provides recommendations for establishing the Arctic joint network observation system and a comprehensive remote sensing database. References | Related Articles | Metrics