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DISTRIBUTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOR OF PAHs IN DIFFERENT MATRIXES ON THE FILDES PENINSULA, ANTARCTICA Ma Xindong, Yao Ziwei, Wang Zhen, He Guangkai, Fang Xiaodan, Na Guangshui 2014, 26 (3):  285-291.  DOI: 10.13679/j.jdyj.2014.2.0285 Abstract ( 1465 )   PDF (1758KB) ( 1623 )   Water, Sediment, moss, penguin-dropping and organism samples were collected from Fildes Peninsula to investigate the distribution and environmental behavior of sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The results indicated that the total PAHs concentrations in water, sediment, moss, penguin-dropping and organisms were 34.9~346 ng/L (mean=184), 68.9~374 ng/g (mean=188), 122~894 ng/g (mean=251), 197~293 ng/g (mean=245) and 137~443 ng/g (mean=265), respectively. Compared with the other regions, the proportions of 2+3 ring PAHs to the total PAHs were higher than 0.5 whereas the proportions of 5 + 6 ring PAHs was below 0.2 in all compartments, which implied the atmospheric transfer was the main source of PAHs. Significant log/log-linear relationships between the soil/moss quotient (QSM) and the sub-cooled liquid vapor pressure (p°L) and octanol-air partition coefficient (KOA) were observed. Also the similar significant log/log-linear relationships between octanol-water partition coefficient (KOW) the bitoa/water quotient (QOW) and the penguin-organism/penguin-dropping quotient (QPD) were observed. The results indicated that the concentration rations between different media could be seen as a “mirror image” of distribution behaviors of PAHs in the remote Polar Regions. Related Articles | Metrics

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MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION, ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND FERMENTATION CONDITIONS OF ANTIBIOTIC SUBSTANCES OF MARINE ACTINOBACTERIA NOCARDIOPSIS SP. Y18 YUAN Meng, YU Yong, LI Huirong, DONG Ning, ZHANG Xiaohua 2014, 26 (3):  292-299.  DOI: 10.13679/j.jdyj.2014.2.292 Abstract ( 1773 )   PDF (1803KB) ( 1165 )   The actinomycete strain Y18 was isolated from ocean sediments collected from the Chukchi Sea in the Arctic Ocean. This actinomycete requires seawater for growth. Based on 16S rRNA sequence analysis, it belongs to the genus Nocardiopsis. Results of secondary-metabolite biosynthesis screening show that it contains polyethylene ketone type Ⅱ (PKSⅡ) and non ribosome-bound sulfur-containing peptide (NRPS) genes. It has antimicrobial activity against both Bacillus subtilis and Candida albicans. The optimal fermentation conditions of Y18 against Bacillus subtilis are as follows: fermentation medium containing peptone 2 g, casein hydrolysate 2 g, yeast extract 2 g, glucose 1 g, sea water 1 L, and seed liquid inoculum to 4%, an initial pH 8.0, a culture temperature of 28°C, a liquid volume of 20% in a 1 000 mL flask, and a fermentation time of 6 days. We found that antimicrobial activity remained stable with changes in heat, acid, alkali, and during storage at 4°C. Related Articles | Metrics

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BIOGENIC BARIUM IN SURFACE SEDIMENTS OF PRYDZ BAY, ANTARCTICA TAN Saizhang, YU Peisong, HU Chuanyu, HAN Zhengbing, ZHANG Haisheng 2014, 26 (3):  300-305.  DOI: 10.13679/j.jdyj.2014.2.300 Abstract ( 1922 )   PDF (991KB) ( 1354 )   We used the normative calculation and sequential extraction methods to determine the concentration of biogenic barium, and compared the results of the two methods. The concentration of biogenic barium calculated using the normative calculation method was much higher than the result from sequential extraction, which suggested that barium associated with Mn and Fe oxides contributed considerably to total barium. The concentration of biogenic barium based on sequential extraction ranged from 104 to 445 μg·g−1, with an average content of 227 μg·g−1. The highest levels of biogenic barium were recorded in the center the bay, where the seawater is more stable, and lower values were found near the shore and over the ice shelf. Biogenic barium concentration showed a significant linear correlation with BSi and OC, and was also closely correlated to chlorophyll a concentration. This finding indicates that primary productivity of phytoplankton in the surface water column is the main environmental factor regulating the concentration and distribution of biogenic barium in Prydz Bay. Related Articles | Metrics

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SPATIAL-TEMPORAL VARIATION IN POPULATION AGE STRUCTURE OF FISHERY-TARGETED ANTARCTIC KRILL(EUPHAUSIA SUPERBA) AROUND THE SOUTH ORKNEY ISLANDS IN AUSTRAL SUMMER-FALL DURING 2009/2010 AND 2011/2012 Zhu Guoping, Zhu Xiaoyan, Li Yingchun, Xu Yiying, Xia Hui, Xu Pengxiang, Xu Liuxiong 2014, 26 (3):  306-315.  DOI: 10.13679/j.jdyj.2014.2.306 Abstract ( 1660 )   PDF (2510KB) ( 1233 )   We used biological data on Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba Dana), collected by fishery observers of the Antarctic krill fishery, to investigate the spatial-temporal variation in age structure. The study area was divided into small-scale units with a spatial resolution of 30 minutes (latitude) by 1 degree (longitude). The results showed that in 2009-10 the standard length (SL) of Antarctic krill ranged from 33.2 to 69.0 mm, and the mean SL and dominant SL range were 51.8 mm and 52–60 mm (52.3%), respectively. A sub-modal range of 44-48 mm was also identified. In 2010-11, the SL ranged from 22.9 to 59.3 mm, and the mean SL and dominant SL range were 44.5 mm and 42-50 mm (56.8%), respectively, and in 2011-12, the SL ranged from 18.5 to 59.4 mm, and the mean SL and dominant SL range were 41.7 mm and 36-46 mm (67.3%), respectively. Among the three years, there was a significant variation in SL (p < 0.001) and no similarity in length frequency distribution (PSI = 41.25–73.42). Clustering analysis showed that SL classes could be divided into three groups among 10 days in a month during 2009-10 to 2011-12. The SL classes could be classified into groups based on the first 10 days in February 2011 and the middle 10 days in March 2012, on the last 10 days in January to the middle 10 days in February 2010 and the middle 10 days in February 2011. The other SL classes could be classified into another group. Age 1+ and 2+ Antarctic krill occurred in waters close to the South Orkney Islands, while age 4+ Antarctic krill were found in waters further from the Islands. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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GENERATION OF EXTREMELY LOW FREQUENCY WAVES BY MODULATED HEATING OF POLAR IONOSPHERIC F REGION XU Tong,XU Bin, WU Jian, HU Yanli, XU Zhenwen 2014, 26 (3):  316-323.  DOI: 10.13679/j.jdyj.2014.2.316 Abstract ( 1453 )   PDF (2822KB) ( 1521 )   Polar ionospheric heaters operated by HARRP and EISCAT have generated extremely low frequency waves by modulating the auroral electrojet at D and E region altitudes. However, the auroral electrojet often varies over time and is not always present. Alternatively, modulated F-region HF heating can generate ionospheric diamagnetic current, and the periodic modulation results in a magnetic moment that radiates extremely low frequency waves. Based on a one-dimensional time physical model of polar ionospheric heating and a full-wave model, we analyzed the features of extremely low frequency waves over Tromsø (69.59°N, 19.23°E). The results showed that extremely low frequency waves on the ground are different from lower ionospheric modulation, i.e., radiation of polar electrojet antenna. Furthermore, effective radiated power (ERP), modulated frequency, and ionospheric background, have significant influence on the generated extremely low frequency wave. Related Articles | Metrics

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STATISTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF Pc1-2 WAVES NEAR THE CUSP LATITUDES QIU Yiting, LIU Yonghua, ZHAO Haofeng 2014, 26 (3):  324-330.  DOI: 10.13679/j.jdyj.2014.2.324 Abstract ( 1305 )   PDF (2973KB) ( 1223 )   We recorded induction magnetometer data from Zhongshan and Davis Stations in Antarctica, for March, June, September, and December in 2004. We used cross-spectrum analysis to statistically study Pc1-2 wave occurrence, center frequency, and amplitude variations with respect to the seasons and magnetic local time. Of 2 932 valid wave events, Pc1-2 waves had a higher occurrence in March (51.4%) and September (26.1%) than in December (18.6%) and June (3.8%), and occurred most frequently near the magnetic local noon (59.8% at 0800–1000 UT). The wave center frequency was higher post-noon than pre-noon and the wave amplitude reached a maximum at 0800 UT. The maximal center frequency and minimal amplitude occurred in June. These results suggest that Pc1-2 wave properties near the cusp latitudes are strongly influenced by ionospheric conductivity. Related Articles | Metrics

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THE METEOROLOGICAL DATA PROCESSING SYSTEM AT GREAT WALL STATION, ANTARCTICA LIU Zhigang, XU Cong, WU Lixia, ZHANG Jie, LU Changgui, LI Song 2014, 26 (3):  331-335.  DOI: 10.13679/j.jdyj.2014.2.331 Abstract ( 1811 )   PDF (4627KB) ( 1081 )   Meteorological observation data has been recorded at Great Wall Station since 1985. This 30-year data record is important for the study of Antarctic and global climate, but it does contain some errors. A meteorological data processing system was set up at Great Wall Station, and the system was used to examine and verify the Great Wall Station meteorological data. As a result, data can now be conveniently accessed and statistical analyses readily performed. This is an important advance in the sharing of Antarctic information. Related Articles | Metrics

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ANALYSIS OF VISIBILITY VARIATION AT GREAT WALL STATION, ANTARCTICA YANG Qinghua, YU Lejiang, WEI Lixin, ZHANG Benzheng, MENG Shang 2014, 26 (3):  336-341.  DOI: 10.13679/j.jdyj.2014.2.336 Abstract ( 1571 )   PDF (2007KB) ( 1174 )   Visibility variations at Great Wall station (GWS) were investigated using manual observation data collected from 1986 to 2012. High visibility (≥10 km) and low visibility (0–1 km) accounted for 61.0% and 8.0% of records, respectively. The visibility at GWS showed clear seasonal variation with best visibility in November–March and worst visibility in June–October. Sea fog and precipitation were the main causes of low visibility in summer, while frequent severe weather including heavy snowfall, blowing snow, and blizzards were responsible for low visibility in winter. The frequency of low visibility decreased significantly from 1986 to 2012, and the annual and four-season average visibilities all followed a significant trend towards higher visibility, which was strongest for winter. Less frequent fog, blowing snow, and snowfall events contributed to the trend towards higher winter visibility. Variation in visibility at GWS was significant at synoptic (2.1–8.3 days), annual, and inter-annual scales (2 years, 4.1 years and 6.9–8.2 years), with the most significant variability at an inter-annual scale of 4.1 years. Automatic observation of visibility was carried out in 2012, and the results showed that automatic observation could be effective for the future continuous monitoring of visibility at GWS. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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SEA ICE DISTRIBUTION IN THE ROSS SEA, ANTARCTICA, DURING THE AUSTRAL SUMMER OF 2012 ZhaoJiechen, Zhang Lin, Tian Zhongxiang, Li Ming, Hui Fengming, Li Chunhua, Han Hongwei 2014, 26 (3):  342-351.  DOI: 10.13679/j.jdyj.2014.2.342 Abstract ( 1641 )   PDF (4465KB) ( 1581 )   We analyzed the distribution of sea ice in the Ross Sea during the austral summer of 2012. Parameters including sea ice concentration, thickness, and floe size were investigated using satellite data and ship-based observations. In late December sea ice extent was about 1 000 km from north to south, average sea ice concentration was greater than 50%, average sea ice thickness was about 100 cm, and average snow depth was about 16 cm. In areas of high ice concentration, ice cakes (2–20 m) and small floes (20–100 m) predominated, while in areas of low ice concentration medium floes (100–500 m) and big floes (500–200 m) predominated. Most of the waters were ice-free in January and February, but in March sea ice grew rapidly and by April the entire Ross Sea was covered with ice. Sea ice concentrations derived from AMSR2 and SSMIS were in accordance with the field observations in most locations, with deviations of 15% and 20%, respectively. Therefore, AMSR2 performed better. The results of this paper provide a good reference for future CHINARE Ross Sea cruises. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A REVIEW OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOUTHERN ANNULAR MODE AND ANTARCTIC ICE CORE CLIMATE RECORDS Shi Guitao, Sun Bo, Zeng Gang, Li Yuansheng, Ma Hongmei, An Chunlei, Jiang Su 2014, 26 (3):  352-361.  DOI: 10.13679/j.jdyj.2014.2.352 Abstract ( 1612 )   PDF (2802KB) ( 1494 )   Ice cores contain a wealth of information on climate and have many advantages over other climate proxies in the study of past atmospheric circulation. Here, we summarized the relationship between the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) and Antarctic ice core records. The SAM varied simultaneously with ice core proxies, and NO3−, sea salt ions (mainly Na+), and water isotopes (δ18O) correlated well with the SAM index (SAMI). However, there was no significant correlation between SO42− and methanesulfonate levels and SAMI. The accumulation rate (acc) recorded in a West Antarctic ice core implied that acc was positively correlated with SAMI. However, the relationship between ice core parameters and SAMI showed marked spatial variation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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CHARACTERISTICS of SPECIES COMPOSITION AND COMMUNITY STRUCTURE ON THE AUSTRE LOVENBREEN GLACIER FORELAND, NY-ÅLESUND, SVALBARD YAO Yifeng, CAO Shunan, PENG Fang, LI Chengsen 2014, 26 (3):  362-368.  DOI: 10.13679/j.jdyj.2014.2.362 Abstract ( 1727 )   PDF (4141KB) ( 1281 )   To enable ongoing research on the growth of tundra plants, vegetation succession, and response to glacier retreat, vegetation quadrats were established on the Austre Lovénbreen glacier foreland, in Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard. Species composition and community structure were investigated during the scientific expedition to the Chinese Arctic Yellow River Station in 2012. Only the pioneer plant, Saxifraga oppositifolia, was found in quadrat No. 6 at the location of the A glacier terminus in 1990, representing the early stage of vegetation succession. Overall, the vegetation was dominated by Salix polaris, Draba bellii, and crustose lichens such as Ochrolechia frigida and Pertusaria sp., and there were increasing numbers of individual plants in quadrat No. 7, reflecting the vegetation composition after 75 years of glacier retreat. Over time following glacier retreat, the composition of the vegetation changes and develops to a mature type. Salix polaris predominated in the mature quadrats, coupled with the occurrence of foliose lichens like Flavocetraria nivalis and Cetraria aculeata. In addition, lichen diversity and coverage increased. The present study indicates that species composition and community structure on the Austre Lovénbreen glacier foreland have changed over time following glacier retreat. Related Articles | Metrics

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PETROLOGY, MINERALOGY AND PETROGENESIS OF GROVE MOUNTAINS(GRV)022888 AND 052408 UREILITES FROM ANTARCTICA HUANG Wan, HE Qi, XIAO Long 2014, 26 (3):  369-377.  DOI: 10.13679/j.jdyj.2014.2.369 Abstract ( 1992 )   PDF (2630KB) ( 1321 )   Here we report on the petrology and mineralogy of GRV 022888 and GRV 052408 ureilites recovered from the Grove Mountains in Antarctica. Based on the petrologic and mineralogical characteristics, we provide new insight into the origin and evolution of ureilites. The mineral assemblages in GRV 022888 were mainly olivine (~98%), with a few pyroxene and carbonaceous opaque interstitial assemblages (~2%). The GRV 052408 ureilite was composed mainly of olivine (~60%), pyroxene (~35%), and carbonaceous opaque interstitial (~5%) mineral assemblages. The olivines in both meteorites had a distinctly reverse-zoned structure, and the cores had a high Fe content while the rims had a high Mg content. The petrologic characteristics classified both as type-I monomict ureilites. The formation temperature calculated using an olivine-pigeonite-liquid geothermometer was high, at about 1220°C. Our findings suggest that the magma of these ureilites is the partially melted residue of a ureilite parent body, similar to material involved in the formation of chondrites. Related Articles | Metrics

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A ANALYSIS OF CHINESE ANTARCTIC SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS BASED ON WEB OF SCIENCE ZHANG Lingling, HUA Weina 2014, 26 (3):  378-387.  DOI: 10.13679/j.jdyj.2014.2.378 Abstract ( 1680 )   PDF (1054KB) ( 1369 )   We analyzed 598 papers on Antarctic science published by Chinese authors, sourced from the Web of Science (SCIE, SSCI, and A&HCI). The papers were analyzed using TDA and Ucinet software, based on the year of publication, authors, cooperating countries, research institutes, journals, and cited frequency. We found that Chinese scientists cooperated most frequently with scientists from the United States, Australia, Britain, and Germany. The institutes involved in research included the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Polar Research Institute of China, the University of Science and Technology of China, and the State Oceanic Administration. The main journals for publication were Chinese Science Bulletin, Polar Biology, and Acta Geophysica Sinica, and the cited frequency of papers on Antarctic research by Chinese scientists was increasing over time. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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THE DELIMITATION OF THE CONTINENTAL SHELF IN THE ARCTIC OCEAN LI Xuejie, YAO Yongjian, LI Gang, YANG Chupeng, WU Jiaoqi, ZHANG Yaling 2014, 26 (3):  388-397.  DOI: 10.13679/j.jdyj.2014.2.388 Abstract ( 1647 )   PDF (7084KB) ( 1732 )   The Arctic Ocean covers an area of about 13 × 106 km2. It is important that researchers involved in scientific expeditions to the Arctic are aware of the delimitation of the continental shelf and the 200 nautical mile (M) exclusive economic zone (EEZ). The United States and the former Soviet Union have signed a treaty on the delimitation of the continental shelf and the EEZ. The treaty has been ratified by the American Congress, but not by the former Soviet Union, which has led to an ongoing dispute over maritime ownership rights between the two countries. Norway and Russia have also signed a delimitation treaty. Maritime boundaries between Canada and the United States remain unresolved, with an area of more than 7000 M2 under dispute. Denmark and Canada have resolved disagreements about their borders, apart from the ownership of Hans Island. Agreements concerning the delimitations of the continental shelf between Norway and Denmark, and Norway and Iceland have been concluded. According to Article 76 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), coastal states are allowed to extend their sovereign rights beyond the usual 200 M. Russia and Norway have made official submissions to the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) to extend their EEZs beyond 200 M. The CLCS has effectively accepted Norway’s proposed outer limits for the western Nansen Basin but Russia’s proposal remains controversial. As one of the contracting parties to the Svalbard Treaty, China has access rights to the Svalbard treaty area. Because the United States has not ratified the UNCLOS, China can undertake scientific expeditions in the continental shelf north of Alaska and in the Chukchi Borderlands beyond 200 M from the coast. Furthermore, scientific expeditions and research can be carried out in different areas through international cooperation. Related Articles | Metrics