Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) are proteins with a variety of activities that inhibit ice crystal growth and protect organisms from low-temperature damage. In this review, we described several activities of AFPs including ice adsorption, thermal retardation, recrystallization inhibition, ice crystal morphology modification and ice adhesion activities. Furthermore, we summarized specific methodologies and current advances in AFP characterization. Finally, we discussed remaining issues, challenges, and future directions in AFP research.